Racial discrimination in America has a significant implication on crime in the region. In the 2018/19 cohort, the reoffending rate for adults was highest for Black offenders at 30%, 29% for White offenders, 23% for Asian offenders and 19% for Other offenders. In some cases, in contrast to fears of "racist" connotations of identifying individuals by their cultural background, the language of labels and shorthand descriptors was used as a lingua franca for playful . The proportion of staff from White backgrounds has decreased between 1 and 2.4 pp across all CJS organisations over the last 5 years, largely driven by increases in the proportion of staff from Asian and Mixed ethnic backgrounds. In 2020, 37% of all defendants prosecuted for sexual offences at Crown Court were remanded in custody . Documents fulfilling this requirement have been published since 1992, in the form of statistical reports. Arrests for children have been declining at a faster rate than arrests for adults, down 33% and 20% respectively since 2016/17. in year ending March 2021, there were 124,091 hate crimes recorded by the police in England and Wales; of which there were 92,052 race hate crimes, 6,377 religious hate crimes, 18,596 sexual . , Data from 2019/20 for the Asian (or Asian British) ethnic group includes people who identify as Chinese. High levels of missing ethnicity data would be of concern, both in terms of sample sizes and the risk of systematic bias. The level of crime in Scotland has fallen in recent years with 246,516 crimes recorded by the police in 2019/20. Compared to ethnic minority groups, White clients had a higher proportion of representation at committals for sentence at 22%, whereas 15% of Asian and Black clients and 16% of Mixed were represented at committals. This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. CJS_Statistics@justice.gov.uk. A pupil may be excluded for one or more suspensions up to a maximum of 45 school days in a single academic year. This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-statistics-2020/ethnicity-and-the-criminal-justice-system-2020. , The decrease in numbers of sentences in 2020 is mainly a result of court closures due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. For example, in 2020, Black defendants were 16% less likely to enter a guilty plea than White defendants in Crown Court [footnote 48]. This section is limited to these offences (referred to indictable) and to defendants aged 10 or over unless otherwise is explicitly stated. 6. Individuals from the Black ethnic group also had the lowest proportion of suspended sentences, at 14% in 2020. This article presents research into a method for producing population estimates by ethnic group and by religion, combining Annual Population Survey (APS) and census data. Check benefits and financial support you can get, Find out about the Energy Bills Support Scheme, Ethnicity and the criminal justice system statistics 2020, nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3, Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021, Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2020 publication, Offender Management statistics quarterly publication, Research report on population estimates by ethnic group and religion, https://www.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/code-of-practice/, Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2020, Homicide in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics (ons.gov.uk), Criminal justice system statistics quarterly: December 2020 - GOV.UK (www.gov.uk), Source: GCSE and equivalent results in England 2014/15 (Revised). In 2020, where ethnicity was known, the number of requirements started under community orders fell to 72,400[footnote 58]; a decrease of 33% since 2018. The following offence groups will be of particular focus: As noted in the introduction, comparisons across ethnic groups do not account for previous offending history, detailed offence mix and other offender characteristics and that should be considered when interpreting results in this section. In 2020, Black males accounted for 12% of all male prosecutions and 11% of all male convictions, compared to Black females, accounting for 7% of all female prosecutions and 7% of all female convictions. For more information on stop and search legislation, please see the accompanying guidance document. * Production, supply, intent to supply (Class B). For White adult offenders, the reoffending rate was highest for those aged 35-39 at 35%. In contrast, fewer Black (15%), Mixed (18%) and Asian (20%) prisoners reported bullying/victimisation from other prisoners, compared to prisoners from White (23%) and Other ethnic groups (24%). , A first-time offender is an offender who has been arrested by the police in England and Wales and has received a first conviction, caution or youth caution for any offence recorded on the Police National Computer. It covers statistics on stop and searches and arrests, which are published by the Home Office in the Police powers and procedures: Stop and search and arrests, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2021[footnote 20]. In Britain official statistics on crime are produced annually. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. The proportions of ethnic groups in the prison population has remained stable across the past 5 years. , Due to a change in the data collection framework in 2021, officers who identify as Chinese are now counted under the Asian ethnic group, in line with the 2011 ONS Census classifications. The most common sentencing outcome across all ethnic groups for sexual offences was immediate custody. The number of knife crimes In England and Wales has risen to a new record high, says the Office for National Statistics. the officer found what they were searching for), and those where the item found was not what the officer was searching for, or where nothing was found. The data for this section is available in the Arrests open data tables published by Home Office. Asian prisoners, on average, served the smallest proportion of their original sentence, serving 58% of their determinate sentence in custody in 2020; a trend that has remained stable since 2016. Figure 3.02: Homicides currently recorded by location of homicide and ethnic appearance of victim: England and Wales, combined data for 2017/18 to 2019/20. , See Appendix II for concordance in ethnicity reporting between these sources, More information on Relative Rate Indexes can be found in the technical guide. A small proportional decrease of White offenders was observed, with a decrease of 2 percentage points since 2016. Periodically, political and media discourse focuses on the myth of 'Black on Black crime', or the supposed threat of young Black men to safety of the presumed law-abiding majority. White victims accounted for over three quarters (77%) of homicide victims in both the 0-14 and 21+ age groups. Much of this information has previously been published in the Offender Management statistics quarterly publication, where statistics on adjudications, Home Detention Curfew, Release on Temporary Licence and Licence Recalls can also be found. In the three-year period from 2017/18 to 2019/20, the most frequent location for homicides with White or Asian victims was in and around the house (53% and 41%, respectively), whereas those with victims from Black or Other ethnic groups were more likely to take place on the street (including footpaths/alleyways; 60% and 48%, respectively). The proportion of offender reoffending by age was highest for those aged 18 to 20 for Black, Asian and Other offenders. , All groups defined by officer-identified ethnicity classification see Appendix I. In 2020, the ethnic group with the highest concordance rate with their PSR for immediate custodial sentences was the Mixed ethnic group, at 89%; this has remained consistent since 2018. On the basis of self-report studies, Graham and Bowling (1995) concluded that people from certain ethnic backgrounds like Black (43%) and White (44%) had similar crime rates, whereas others like Asians had comparatively lower crime rates - Indians (30%), Pakistanis (28%), and Bangladeshis (13%). As this data is now several years old it may not accurately represent the distribution of ethnic groups in the population, particularly for children when comparing to 2018 CJS figures. 735 754-19 947-212. In 2020, White defendants spent the lowest mean number of days (156) at court, while defendants from Chinese or Other ethnic groups had the highest (199). We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. Findings from a data sharing exercise between the MoJ and the Department for Education (DfE) are presented here, with analysis on a matched cohort of those who were in year 6 in either 2008/09 or 2009/10 and who were aged ten at the start of those academic years[footnote 70]. This decrease was also significant for White (down 44%), Black (down 80%) and Asian (down 67%) children, in isolation. The crime rate in the UK has dropped to its lowest level since the early 1990s, according to estimates. Following prosecution (which can include being sent to Crown Court), defendants found guilty are subsequently convicted and sentenced. Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/ cautioned, a larger proportion of Black offenders (18%) had been permanently excluded, compared to White (14%), Asian (9%) and Other (9%) offenders[footnote 79]. It is the Ministry of Justices responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. See police activity chapter for more information on stop and searches. , For more information, see Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2020. In acknowledgement of the subjective, multifaceted and changing nature of ethnic identification, we use self-identified ethnicity where this data is available[footnote 5]. A significantly higher proportion of Black offenders with SEN, without statement, received a 12-month sentence or less (71%), compared to White offenders (60%). Drug offences accounted for 21% of all prosecutions and 22% of all convictions for all indictable offences in 2020. Women and the Criminal Justice System and Race and the Criminal Justice System; The Women and Race reports are compendium publications, each bringing together a wide range of statistics related to the criminal justice system, broken down by sex and by ethnicity. Where ethnicity is known[footnote 23], the total number of stop and searches increased between 2017/18 (266,000) and 2020/21 (557,000). As reported in other research, the young people used ideas about origin, race and ethnicity in loose and shifting ways (Back; Butcher). the young, the poor and ethnic minorities) show up more often in these statistics. Single Parent Families are more common among African-Caribbean Families, which may be related to higher rates of crime In 2007 Almost half the black children in Britain were being raised by single parents. Guilty plea for all other ethnic groups ranged between 89% and 92% in 2020. The ACSL was longest for Chinese or Other offenders at 14.7 months, followed by Black at 13.7 months, Mixed 13.2 months, Asian 12.1 months and White 10.6 months. Other young offenders had the lowest proportion recorded as persistently absent at 66%. There were 292 (15%) victims in the Black, 147 (8%) in the Asian and 107 (5%) in the Other ethnic groups[footnote 17]. This trend has remained relatively stable over the past 5 years, with the Black ethnic group consistently having the highest proportion of defendants electing themselves to be heard at Crown Court. These include: Survey data from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons Annual Report, (New) Understanding Educational Background of Offenders (MoJ/ DfE data share). The Asian ethnic group (2%) were significantly less likely than the White ethnic group (4%) to be victims of a personal crime, whilst the Mixed ethnic group (7%) were significantly more likely. There was a decrease in the proportion of stop and searches conducted on Black individuals in London, from 36% in 2016/17 to 32% in 2020/21. As discussed in the Introduction, the 2011 Census data used to create these estimates is now several years old and may not accurately represent the distribution of ethnic groups in the population. The largest proportion of crime higher workload is for offences which can be tried either before the magistrates court or the Crown Court, at 50% overall where ethnicity is known in 2020 and ranged between 46% and 52% when broken down by ethnic group. In 2020, White male and female offenders had the shortest ACSL, 20.2 months and 12.6 months respectively, while Asian male and female offenders had the longest ACSL, 28.9 months and 22.3, respectively. Concordance rates for all PSR figures can be found in the defendants tables (5.14b)[footnote 41]. The latest release is ' Statistics on Race and the Criminal Justice System 2020 '. , More information of ethnic group classifications can be found in Appendix I, Officer identified ethnicity can refer to ethnicity recorded by any third party, such as a police officer, clerk or a member of the data entry team. It is considered a more useful concept than race. These research outputs are not official statistics. Stop and search is an important detection tool for the police it allows officers to search individuals without an arrest taking place[footnote 27]. Figure 7.05: Proven reoffending rate by ethnicity for adults, annual averages (2014/15 to 2018/19), England and Wales. Some Sociologists have suggested that cultural differences, especially differences in family life, may be responsible for underlying differences in offending between ethnic groups. Arrests were the principal outcome in 12% of stop and searches, community resolutions in 7% and other outcomes in 6% . Ethnicity facts and figures. Of defendants prosecuted for sexual offences at Crown Court, Black defendants were more likely to be remanded in custody. Despite the large decrease in . Police officers: The proportion of White practitioners is highest for police officers of all the CJS organisations at 92.4%[footnote 94]. Due to the small population of children sentenced to immediate custody from Asian, Mixed and Chinese or Other ethnic groups trends should be viewed with caution. , Some police forces were unable to supply complete data, please see footnotes in the BUSS open data tables. Over the past five years, concordance rates[footnote 40] for immediate custodial sentences across all ethnic groups (excluding Missing/Not Stated) increased from 73% in 2016 to 90% in 2018, followed by a small decrease to 87% in 2020. In contrast, despite White prisoners making up 73% of the entire prison population, only 47% of prisoners aged under 18 were White. The equivalent proportion for White defendants was 27%. We use some essential cookies to make this website work. This highlights that controlling for offence mix reduces the disparity between ethnic groups. 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